Anyone who’s ever dealt with it has a long list of complaints about the Indian state. They will point out that it rarely invests in long-term solutions and doesn’t seem capable of world-class infrastructure or supporting cutting-edge scientific breakthroughs.

Sometimes, the doubters are wrong. Last month, when Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that a locally designed and built nuclear reactor had reached criticality — meaning that its internal chain reaction was now self-sustaining — he was right to say that it was a tremendous achievement.

India already has 25 nuclear reactors generating power for the grid. But this one, in the southern town of Kalpakkam, is different. It’s a fast-breeder reactor — a rare, more complicated variant that uses plutonium extracted from regular reactors’ spent fuel to produce electricity alongside more fissile material. A resource-starved country is naturally desperate for an energy source that, in effect, produces more usable fuel than it consumes.